《三国演义》与越南汉字历史小说
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Anh the Vietnamese Chinese Character Historical Novel
【摘要】 中越两国上千年的文学关系是极为丰富复杂的。由于具有特殊性的历史环境,越南文学,尤其在中世纪阶段(从十世纪至十九世纪),深受中国文学的影响,其中小说是极受影响的文体。然而,在受中国文学影响的过程中,越南小说,尤其是越南汉字历史小说仍根据本身内在规律运行发展,从而努力地创造出符合本民族灵魂、文化特色、审美观念之本色的作品。论文只集中于探讨越南中世纪(从十世纪至十九世纪)文学作家从在越得到广泛流行的中国四大奇书之一《三国演义》接受与创新了什么。至于越南作品,本论文只集中对越南汉字小说中的《皇黎一统志》、《南朝工业演志》、《皇越兴隆志》等作品进行研究对比。除了引言,论文主要分为三大部分:第一部分先提出文学交流是历史的一项客观规律,是人类文化生活中极为自然的现象。从交流中,世界各国各民族抉选了外国文学的积极一面以促进本国文学的发展,那也是使每个民族从中不断地磨炼并更加丰富地体现本国民族之特色的条件,再阐述中国古代文学,尤其是古典小说对越南文学在题材、内容、形式、风格等各方面的影响。最后集中阐述通过当时中越两国之间的贸易、外交使团的往来对文学交流的促进,中国文学,尤其是中国章回小说传入越南,当时的越南文学家认为章回小说可以满足当时的需求,从而接受并创作了许多新作品,越南汉字历史小说也在这个时期问世了。第二部分集中阐述越南汉字历史小说与中国古代小说《三国演义》之间在内容方面的接受与创新。这部分集中于创作题材与人之观念等方面来分析。在创作题材方面,值得注意的是:在自己的作品中,罗贯中和越南文学家都以历史题材为主,都注意选择有“混乱”性质的、冲突、激烈斗争的历史阶段来创作自己的作品;但是,由于作品问世的时间不一样,因此与越南历史小说的历史真实性也不一样;《三国演义》历史故事因时间、正统思想、民间观念而使作品的客观性几乎失去了;而越南的历史小说里的历史真实性都得到相当地保留,作品里所反映的生动生活气氛似乎含浸读者的心灵。在人的观念方面,因为罗贯中本身是一名儒教者,受正统儒教思想、道德的支配,因此在作品中,罗贯中就以儒教道德的眼光去评价人;在作品中体现得最具体的是“拥刘反曹”的态度;几乎属于蜀汉—刘备集团的人物都是当时完美的最高表现,都有正人君子的风度、气派,反过来,跟刘备集团对立的集团的人物如董卓、曹操等在作品里都被描写成无赖小人、不仁不义的人物。受儒、道、佛等三教的支配和中国古代小说的影响,越南汉字小说里的人物与《三国演义》里的人物有许多相同点:越南文学家以儒教道德准则来评价人,另外越南汉字历史小说里的人物还以民族立场来描写,每个人物不仅以正统观点而且还以国家、民族观点来体现。总地来说,《三国演义》里的人物与越南汉字历史小说里的人物既有当时时代人的特点,又体现了属于自己民族特色的特点,假如说《三国演义》的人物是正统思想与人民道德观念的结合,那么越南汉字历史小说里的人物就是儒教思想和民族精神的产品。第三部分集中阐述越南汉字历史小说与中国古代小说《三国演义》之间在形式方面的接受与创新。这部分集中于人物塑造手法与体裁结构等方面来分析。在创作题材方面,《三国演义》成功地使用外形因素来塑造人物,越南汉字历史小说却成功地使用语言和行动来塑造人物;这清楚地反映了越南汉字历史小说与中国古代小说《三国演义》在塑造人物艺术方面的不同点。《三国演义》主要是以象征艺术手法来塑造作品人物;而越南汉字历史小说是以现实艺术手法来塑造人物;体裁结构方面:《三国演义》深受宋元话本小说结构的影响,作品里的120章回情节按因果关系来发展,每章回都以两句诗为开头、每一个重要变故后作者常用一或两首诗来评赏,每回结束于最激烈之处,常有“下回分解”的惯用语。越南汉字历史小说也深刻地受中国古典小说《三国演义》章回结构特点的影响,然而在借鉴时,越南文学家也进行少许改变,让作品适合于越南人的环境、观念。比如在评赏时,有时也用诗句,但方式跟《三国演义》不一样,有时作者不用诗句而借助“天地”、“民间”来表现自己的态度,每章回的结束有时不集中于激烈情节,有的用“下回分解”,也有的不用“下回分解”的惯用语。可以说,由于历史环境的特殊性,越南文学,尤其是从十世纪至十九世纪(中世纪时期),深受中国文化、文学成就的影响,不仅是诗歌,而且小说文体是受影响最深刻的文体。然而在接受的同时,越南汉字历史小说仍按照本国内在规律来运行。在接受之际,越南诗人不断地努力创造出适合于民族灵魂、审美观念的文学。就在交流、接受的过程中,民族本领在不断地得到磨炼,祖国文学不断地生根发芽,开花结果。

【Abstract】 The thousands years of literary relations between China and Vietnam are very abundant and complex. Due to special historical environment, Vietnam literature, particularly in the phase of the Middle Ages (from the tenth century to the nineteenth century), was impacted by Chinese literature, especially the genre of fiction. However, the Vietnam novels, particularly, the Vietnamese Chinese Character Historial Novel, developed based on their inner regular in the impacted course, and created the natural color fited in the soul of this nation, cultural characteristics and its own aesthetic concept.This paper focusson discussing the writer in the Vietnam medieval period accept and innovated what from the ' Romance of the Three Kingdoms' which was one of the Chinese four Great Classical Novels popular in Vietnam as Vietnam works. The paper focus on researching and comparing the Vietnamese Chinese characters history novels such as ' Emperor Li Zhi-unification' and ' Southern Industrial speech Zhi', 'The more prosperous Wong Chi' and other works. In addition to the introductory, the paper is divided into three main parts:The first part presents that the exchange of literature is an objective law of history, a very natural phenomenon in human being's cultural life. From the exchange, every nation of the world has chosen the possitive site of the foreign literature in order to promote it's own literature, which is the conditon that each nation continuely to steel itself and reflect fully its own national characteristics. Then to set in the classical literature of China, particularly the impact that classical novel on the Vietnam literature in the subject matter, content, form, style and so on. Finally, focuses that by the trade and diplomatic exchanges between the two countries, Chinese literature specally Chinese serial stories had been imported to Vietnam. The Vietnamese writers belived the serial stories can meet the demand at that time, to accept and create a number of new works. The Vietnamese Chinese character historical novel came out during this period.The second part focuses on setting in the acceptance and innovation about content between the Vietnamese Chinese character historical novel and Chinese classical novel 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms'. This part focuses to analyze the subject matter and the concept of people and so on. In the aspect of subject matter, it is worthy to notice: in the works, Luo GuangZhong and Vietnamese writer both mainly used the historical themes, and choose the history phase of the ' chaotic' nature and conflict to create their own works. However, because the works didn't come out at the same time, their historial authenticity is not the same. The objectiveness of 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' was almost lost because of time, orthodox ideas and folk concepts, while the reality of Vietnam historical novel was relatively reserved, and the vivid life environment reflected in the novels seemed to soak the soul of readers. Luo GuanZhong was a confuction, so he was dominated by the orthodox ideas and moral values in the human concept. He judged people in the view of Confucian moral, which was reflected most concretely in the plot of "anti-cao and endorse Liu": Almost all the characters belonged to "ShuHan-LiuBei" Group were the perfect performace, who possessed the gentheman's manner and style. In turn, the characters belonged to the group opposited to LiuBei's such as DongZhuo, CaoCao were described as villains rouge and heartless small person.There are maily simmilarities of characters in the Vietnamese Chinese character historical novel and 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' , dominated by confuncianism, Taoism, Buddhism and influented by Chinese ancient novels. For instance, Vietnam literatures evaluate the characters with the Confucian code of ethics, and the charaters in Vietnamese Chinese charater historical novel are described standing in the national position. Each person is not only with the orthodox point of view but also the national view.Generally speaking, the characters of 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and Vietnamese Chinese charater historical novel not only possess the personalities of that time, but also embody the national charateristies. If the characters in 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' are intergrations of orthodox concepts and people moral values, the charaters in Vietnamese Chinese character historical novels are the products of Confucian ideas and national spirits.The third part focuses on the Vietnamese Chinese historical novel with the ancient Chinese novel 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' in the form of the acceptance and innovation. This part focuses on the way to shape characters and structure of the genre. In the subject matter, 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' successfully uses the apperance factor to shape the figures, but Vietnamese Chinese character historical novels use language and action to shape the characters. This clearly reflects the differences in shaping charaters between 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' and the historical novel. The former shapes character maily using the skill of realism. In the structure, 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' is influenced deeply by Song-Yuan novels, in which 120 chapters develop according to the causality, every chapter beiginning with two lines of the poem, every important accident appriated by one or two poems, and the chapter with a most intense ending having the poem 'break down next time'. The Vietnamese Chinese character historical novel is impacted profoundly by the serial structure features of 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms' . However, the Vietnam literators also make a few changes in order to make their novel suit for the environment and concept of Vietnamese. For instances, when they appreciate a chapter, they sometime use the poem which is different form 'Romance of the Three Kingdoms'. Sometimes the literators instead the poem with "the heaven and the earth" or "folk" to express their own attitude, and every chapter sometimes doesn't focusen the instense plot and the idiom "break down next time".Because of the special historical environment, the Vietnam literature, especially in the Middle Ages (from te nth century to the nineteenth century), is effected profoundly by Chinese culture and literature not only in poem but also in fiction which is the most deeply influenced genre. However, at the same time of acceptance, Vietnamese Chinese character history novel remains to run according to its inner regular, and the Vietnamese literators creat continuously the literature suit for soul of nation and aesthetic concept.In the course of exchange and acceptance, the national capability is tempered and steeled countinuously, eventually it roots and sprouts in the literature garden of country. 

【关键词】 《三国演义》; 越南汉字历史小说; 内容; 形式; 借鉴; 创新
  《三国演义》与越南汉字历史小说

内容摘要 4-6
Abstract 6-8
引言 10-13
第一章 中越文学的交流与《三国演义》的传入和影响 13-24
    第一节 文学之间的交流与创新 13-14
    第二节 中国古典小说在越南 14-19
    第三节 中国古典小说《三国演义》对越南汉字历史小说的问世之影响 19-24
第二章 内容方面的接受与创新 24-37
    第一节 创作题材 24-29
    第二节 关于人之观念 29-37
第三章 形式方面的接受与创新 37-53
    第一节 人物塑造艺术手法 37-46
    第二节 体裁结构 46-53
结语 53-55
参考文献 55-61
后记 61