高中语文古诗词教学炼字问题初探
【中文摘要】 中学语文教学的基本任务,是要培养学生正确理解、运用祖国语言文字的能力。好的诗歌都是用精炼的艺术语言写成的,是运用语言的典范,也是学生学习语言最好的材料。学生学会鉴赏诗歌,对于他们模仿、借鉴优美的文学语言,发展学生的语言表达能力,无疑有很重要的作用。诗歌教学要从语言入手,鉴赏诗歌的语言可从炼字入手。只有把握古人炼字的技巧,才能掌握古诗鉴赏的钥匙,更好地理解诗词全句乃至全篇的意蕴。诗歌鉴赏是一种仁者见仁、智者见智的精神活动,有多种途径与方法。引导学生通过欣赏语言进而理解诗歌意象、情感、意境,培养学生对诗的感悟力和理解力,提高学生的语言能力,要做到这一点就需从炼字入手。炼字是古代诗人提升诗歌品位的重要手段,体现了他们对语言的执着态度。中学语文教材中所选诗歌有很多炼字佳例。本文所引诗词,以人教版高中语文课本中的诗词为主,兼及人教版初中课本和高考试卷中常出现的诗词。这篇论文主要从鉴赏评价这个侧面,来探讨一下如何抓住诗歌的炼字,借一斑以窥全豹,牵一发而动全身,更便捷的鉴赏古代诗歌。论文主要分三章。第一章中学语文教材炼字常见类型例析。主要从炼实词与炼虚词两个方面分析。炼字也包括炼声韵,由于和教学联系不是很大,所以在本文中没有提及。本章将人教版高中语文教材中出现的典型炼字进行了归类,并分析教材中古诗词炼字的一般特点,还分析了炼字、炼句、炼意三者的关系。第二章,通过鉴赏炼字进而鉴赏诗歌景、情、境。所谓意境,是指寄托诗人情感的物象(即意象)综合起来构建的让人产生想象的境界,它包括景、境、情三个方面。炼得极好的字,往往能抓住景物特征,更好的表达感情,营造意境。炼字可使诗中之意象更加鲜明、生动、传神,赋予所描绘景物的以情趣、情感和诗意,可以给读者留出想象的空间,增强诗词的动感,增加诗词的形象美。通过炼字还可以强化诗歌的情感。富有抒情性,是诗歌最基本、最显著的特征。情感是诗歌的生命,没有情感的泉水灌溉,就没有诗歌的鲜花盛开,而炼字,就是为了更好地表达作者的情感。诗人在创作时要提炼准确而富有表现力的语言来表达情感,读者欣赏时则要通过对诗歌语言的反复品味来了解诗人的用心和诗歌语言的妙处。诗歌是作者感情的外在表现形式,其语言就是情感的符号。诗人的情感,往往能通过文字的桥梁渗入读者心间,引起我们的共鸣,这是因为诗人在炼字方面进行了极精细的处理,使诗歌表情写意达到了绝妙的艺术境界。通过炼字更加突出了情感,强化了情感。通过炼字可以营造意境。文学是语言的艺术,语言是思想的载体。字炼得好不仅能增加文章的亮色,让人耳目一新,而且能丰富文章的内涵,活脱出文章的意境。中国古典诗词是中华民族最宝贵的精神财富之一,先人所创造的美好意境,为后人留下了心灵遨游的广阔空间。可是,抓住炼字,我们就可以穿越语言屏障,迅速触摸到诗人的心灵,走进诗歌的艺术殿堂。教师要准确地讲解事物的特征及诗人的思想感情,更要让学生体会其言有尽而意无穷的诗歌境界,引发其无限的联想并体会其弦外之音,味外之旨。要体会诗歌的意境,鉴赏炼字是一条基本途径。在很多诗歌中,那些原本极其普通的字词,在作者的心血灌溉之下,往往会闪耀出智慧的光芒。炼字创造意境的和谐美、形象美、含蓄美。第三章,总结了炼字教学方法和炼字鉴赏思路。怎样在教学中帮助学生体会炼字的好处呢,需要在教学中一步步地引导,让学生自主体会、尝试运用。教师也要在教学中要不断探索,借鉴成功的范例,以取得长足进步。教学大纲要求高中生应“初步具有鉴别欣赏文学作品的能力”。几乎每年高考都有古典诗词鉴赏题型,几乎每年高考古典诗词鉴赏题中都有一个炼字题型。炼字题有基本固定的考查方向和呈现方式。要让学生更准确的把握炼字题型,提高答题能力,在复习训练时就应该细化知识点,把学生的朦胧感知转化为清晰的认识。炼字题的答题思路可从几下几点入手:抓色彩对比、抓动静虚实的变化、抓诗人的情感、抓修辞和表现方法、抓意境、由物及人逐层阐发、抓词语的含义。在教学中对知识强化、细化,有助于学生更好的理解、鉴赏炼字。做题不是目的,最重要的是通过这种方式对学生进行思维训练,提高语言能力,增加学生对古代文化的热爱。

【英文摘要】 Chinese secondary school teaching the basic mission is to cultivate students understanding of right and use the ability of the language of the motherland.Best poems are refining the art of using language is an example of the use of language, students learn the language is the best material.Students learn to appreciate poetry, for them to imitate,learn from the beautiful literary language,students develop language skills,there is no doubt a very important role.Teaching language poetry from the start,the language of poetry appreciation may start from the chain characters.Lian word only grasp the skills of the ancients in order to grasp the key to ancient poetry appreciation,a better understanding of poetry and even the entire sentence the implication.Appreciation of poetry is a kind of benevolent see benevolence,the wise see the spirit of Chi activity,there is a variety of ways and means.Guide students through the appreciation of the language to understand the poetry imagery,emotion,mood, students cultivate the sentiment of the poem and understanding,improve the language skills of students,it is necessary to do this on the need to start from the chain characters.Lian-word poet of ancient poetry to upgrade an important means of quality, their language reflects the attitude of perseverance.Chinese secondary school teaching poetry in the selected word has a lot of refining a good example.Poetry to Senior high school textbooks in Chinese poetry mainly and Senior and middle school textbooks and exam papers poetry often appears.This thesis mainly from the appreciation of the evaluation of this aspect,to explore how to grasp the poetry of Lian character borrow in order to see the whole seen,far-reaching,more easily accessible to the appreciation of ancient poetry.Main thesis chapters.Chinese secondary school textbook chapter Lian common type of cases the word out.Notional words from the smelting and refining analysis of both empty word.Lian Lian including phonological word,not because of contact and teaching a lot,so there is no mention in this article.Senior high school in this chapter will appear in Chinese textbooks Lian typical word classified,and analysis of poetry teaching medieval smelting the general characteristics of the word,but also an analysis of chain character Lian sentence,the relations between Italy smelting.ChapterⅡ,through the appreciation of poetry appreciation further refining the word King,Love,Habitat.The so-called conception,the poet refers to emotional sustenance images(ie image) of the General Construction make up the realm of imagination produced,which includes King,Habitat,three aspects of the situation. Liana very good character are often able to grasp the landscape features,and better express their feelings,and create a mood.Lian-word poem's imagery can be more clear,vivid,vivid,giving the scene described to taste,emotion and poetry,can give the reader to imagine the space set aside to enhance the dynamic poetry,poetry to increase the image of the United States.Lian word can also be adopted to strengthen the emotional poetry.Rich lyricism is poetry the most basic and salient features.Emotion is the poetry of life, there is no feeling of irrigation water,there is no poetry of flowers in full bloom,and the chain character is that in order to better express the author's feelings.Poet writing to extract accurate and expressive language to express emotion,when readers will appreciate the language of poetry to know the taste of the repeated motives poets and poetry of the beauty of language.Poetry is the author of the external manifestations of emotion,emotion is the language of symbols.Poet's feelings,often through the language of the bridge to infiltrate into the heart readers,arouse our sympathy,this is because the word poet in refining aspects of the deal with a very fine,so poetic expression reached a perfect freehand art realm.More prominent through the chain of emotional words,and strengthen the emotions.Through the chain can create a mood word.Literature is the art of language, language is the cartier of thought.Lian good word article,not only can increase the bright,refreshing people,but also enrich the connotation of the article,Berthelot mood of the article.Classical Chinese poetry is the spirit of the Chinese nation's most precious wealth of our ancestors created a better mood,leaving a broad space for spiritual travel.However,to seize the chain character we can cross the language barrier quickly to touch the hearts of poets,the art of poetry into the hall.Teachers to accurately explain the characteristics of things and the poet's thoughts and feelings, but also to enable students to understand his words and meaning have to do endless realm of poetry led to the association and its infinite implication of its own,outside the purpose flavor.Mood to appreciate poetry,art smelting word is a basic way.At a lot of poetry,those words was very common in the author's efforts under irrigation, tends to shine the light of wisdom.Lian words to create a harmonious mood of the United States,the image of the United States,implicitly the United States.ChapterⅢsummarizes the refining teaching methods and refining word word appreciation of ideas.How to assist in teaching students understand the benefits of refining the word,the one required in the teaching step by step guide to enable students to experience their own,try to use.Teachers in teaching but also must continually explore,learn from successful examples in order to achieve substantial progress.Curriculum requirements of high school students should "have a preliminary identification of the capacity to appreciate literary works." Almost every year there are classical poetry appreciation test questions,test almost every title in the appreciation of classical poetry has a chain character questions.Lian-word title has fixed the basic direction and presentation of test.To enable students to grasp a more accurate word refining questions,answer enhance the capacity of training in the review should be detailed knowledge,the students put into the dim perception recognize clear.Lian-word answer questions from a few ideas to start a few points: grasping color contrast,focus on dynamic and static changes in actual situation,grasp the poet's emotion,rhetoric and performance methods of grasping,grasping mood, layer by layer by the elucidation of structures and people,focus on the words of meaning.At strengthening the teaching of knowledge,refinement,students contribute to a better understanding and appreciation of the word chain.Does not an end in question,above all,through this way of thinking of the students training,improve language skills,students increase their love of ancient culture.

【中文关键词】 古诗词; 炼字; 鉴赏
【英文关键词】 ancient poetry ; smelting word ; appreciation
中文摘要 5-7
英文摘要 7-8
绪言 9-16
    一、炼字艺术源远流长 9
    二、炼字艺术是古代诗人们的集体贡献 9-10
    三、炼字教学还有深入研究的必要 10-11
    四、炼字教学的意义 11-15
    五、对炼字教学的思考 15-16
第一章 中学语文教材炼字常见类型例析 16-30
    第一节 炼字的常见类型 17-27
    第二节 教材中古诗词炼字的一般特点 27-28
    第三节 炼字与炼句、炼意的关系 28-30
第二章 通过鉴赏炼字深化对诗歌景、情、境的理解 30-44
    第一节 通过炼字抓住景物特征 30-35
    第二节 炼字对诗歌情感的强化 35-39
    第三节 通过炼字营造意境 39-44
第三章 炼字教学方法和炼字鉴赏思路 44-57
    第一节 炼字教学方法探究 44-49
    第二节 炼字鉴赏思路-高考诗歌炼字鉴赏举例分析 49-57
结语 57-58
参考资料 58-60
后记 60